Lupin is a high-protein legume widely used as a natural protein source in the food industry and animal husbandry. White lupin seeds contain from 33% to 47% protein, as well as significant amounts of fiber (up to 16%), oil (about 6%), and sugar (over 5%). Thanks to its low starch content and richness in polyunsaturated fatty acids, lupin products are suitable for producing gluten-free baked goods, confectionery items, and alternative protein additives. In the food industry, it is used as a substitute for soy products in meat alternatives, yoghurts, kefir, as well as an ingredient to improve the texture and freshness of baked goods.
Lupin seeds are rich in macro- and microelements: potassium, phosphorus, calcium, manganese, iron, zinc, and copper. In addition, they contain B-group vitamins (pantothenic acid, riboflavin, niacin) and beta-carotene. These nutrients make lupin a valuable component of functional foods that contribute to maintaining immunity, improving metabolism, and preventing cardiovascular diseases.
In agriculture, lupin is used as green manure and feed resource. It grows quickly after grain crops, especially on light and sandy soils, as well as on fallow fields before autumn grains. When growing, it is important to observe the interval between crops (at least 7–8 years) to avoid accumulation of diseases and pests. Lupin should be sown at a depth of 2–4 cm depending on the soil type, and the optimal sowing time is the end of the first fortnight after the start of spring work.
However, lupin contains alkaloids (quinolizidine), which can cause allergic reactions. Therefore, its presence must be indicated on food product labels in accordance with EU legislation requirements. During thermal processing or fermentation, alkaloid content decreases, making the product safer for consumption.
Thus, lupin is a multifunctional resource: it provides high-quality protein and beneficial fats for the food industry, serves as an eco-friendly fertilizer in the agricultural sector, and has biological activity that contributes to improving human health.
