Polydesmidae

Crops affected. These pests thrive in moist environments rich in organic matter. They target a wide range of vegetable crops, specifically root crops such as potatoes, carrots, and beets. They are particularly destructive to young seedlings and transplants in greenhouses and moist garden soil.

Biology and life cycle. Adult millipedes live in the upper soil layers, leaf litter, or under mulch. They lay eggs in clusters within the soil. Their development involves several molting stages, with juveniles resembling smaller versions of adults. Their activity is highly correlated with soil humidity and temperature; therefore, they remain most prolific in damp, sheltered areas.

Damage and harmfulness. Polydesmidae feed on the underground parts of plants by gnawing deep cavities and tunnels into roots, tubers, and basal stems. This damage disrupts nutrient transport and creates entry points for secondary bacterial and fungal pathogens, often resulting in root rot, wilting, and the eventual death of the affected plant.

Control measures. Integrated pest management for Polydesmidae includes:

• Maintaining proper soil drainage to avoid waterlogged conditions.
• Removing organic debris and decaying plant matter from the field.
• Regular soil cultivation to disturb their habitat and lower moisture levels.
• Using appropriate soil-incorporated insecticides if infestations are severe.