Donor

A cold and prolonged spring leads to a sharp increase in the concentration of cell sap in winter wheat plants, which indicates obvious sharp disruptions in the hydrothermal regime, capable of causing significant damage to crops.

According to the latest data from the Myronovskiy Institute of Wheat named after V.N. Remesla, this concentration exceeds the normal level by more than double: 20% instead of the normal 8-9%. This alarming indicator for the further development of winter wheat is a warning sign of increased reduction (death) of flowers and, ultimately — a sharp decrease in yield due to the rapid development of fungal diseases.

Under such conditions, it is necessary to urgently introduce into the early spring feeding composition a unique worldwide product — the mineral fertilizer DONOR, which, possessing fungicidal properties, normalizes plant activity under conditions of increased cell sap concentration caused by weather anomalies of a prolonged spring.

DONOR, replacing a significant (up to 50-70%) amount of expensive and toxic fungicides, has simultaneously active therapeutic and preventive action, which will ensure further normal development of winter wheat.

Agricultural specialists are well aware of frequent cases of paradoxical phenomena: winter wheat develops beautifully, and one rejoices, as the stem development power clearly indicates — without any doubt, the yield will be no less than 60-70 centners per hectare… But what is the value of this justified forecast if, at harvest time, one obtains, at best, 30-40 centners per hectare of grain? And even more so, small and forage quality.

The main reason for the yield shortfall in such cases is diseases of winter wheat plants caused by diseases with no yet determined etiology — such as black smut, enzymatic-mycotic exhaustion, grain dropping on the root, etc.

The prevailing thought among most known specialists in the world explains this exclusively by plant infection with diseases — root rot, fusarium, etc. And — as a result — main efforts in farms are directed towards identifying the pathogen and "fierce fight" against it using impressive quantities of chemical protective agents.

Undoubtedly, all this — with the resulting ecological consequences for grain, humans, and the environment.

However, recent research by Ukrainian scientists has finally confirmed an unexpected and non-standard explanation for the causes of the aforementioned wheat diseases: the culprit is not primitive disease spread — root rot, fusarium, etc… Everything is significantly more complex: diseases are caused by physiological-biochemical disruptions, which are linked to unstable weather or hydrothermal disruptions during plant growth.

Sharp changes in meteorological conditions, which have become quite commonplace due to global climate change on Earth, with great and harsh accuracy lead to the development of hydrothermal stress in plants. The established system for ensuring normal plant activity goes "out of sync". Affected spike tissues in wet weather acquire a dark appearance — the well-known black smut develops.

These assumptions were confirmed by experiments in which black smut was induced by artificial regulation of hydrothermal conditions during the growth of winter wheat.

Based on the aforementioned results, the preparation "Donor" was developed, which is interesting for farmers already because existing protective agents do not satisfy agricultural producers due to their insufficient effectiveness.

Using DONOR, it is possible not only to reduce by three times the volume of application of traditional toxic protective agents (thus reducing costs and improving the ecological condition of the product), but also significantly increase the yield of winter wheat. With its help, a whole cluster of problems arising under stressful weather conditions is resolved: the development of plant mycoses is prevented, thereby creating conditions for full grain filling, despite meteorological adversities.

DONOR, with its high ecological purity and radical action, has no analogues on the global market, and its uniqueness does not allow comparing DONOR with any other preparations.

Indeed, the entire world fights fungal diseases by treating wheat with extremely toxic fungicides that are already diseased. The mineral fertilizer "DONOR" — the only environmentally clean agent in the world that prevents (!) fungal diseases of winter wheat and, additionally, significantly reduces the required amount of environmentally aggressive fungicides.

The unusualness of the situation is that fungicides worldwide are undoubtedly considered absolutely natural and indispensable in the harsh fight against mycoses. Therefore, talking about anything else seems completely inappropriate. And, frankly, there is nothing to argue with. Does the fungicide applied upon the occurrence of mycoses not perform its function and not inhibit the formation of fungal fruiting bodies?

Undoubtedly, it does and undoubtedly inhibits. But let us be consistent and state the harsh truth: in doing so, the energy of the fungus is directed towards the biosynthesis of mycotoxins. As a result, the grain becomes saturated with mycotoxins, which, by nature, possess extremely strong carcinogenic and hepatotoxic properties. In general, such grain is absolutely unsuitable (under normal living conditions) for human and animal consumption. Using it for bread baking or obtaining coarse grains inevitably entails the risk of poisoning the organism.

Formally, the fungicide performed its task — inhibited the development of mycoses, but in fact, it often pushes the disease to another level, where fighting it is absolutely impossible. And therefore, this method of fighting disease is meaningless and flawed: "saved" grain, only to poison humans with it.

We have found a completely new, from a strategic perspective, approach to solving this problem of plant protection. DONOR solves it with the subtlety of an environmentally clean agent, born not under the influence of the standard desire for powerful chemical attacks to destroy fungi, but as a result of a subtle understanding of the relationships between the plant and the pathogenic cell of the fungus that parasitizes it: DONOR, by introducing "fresh blood" into the plant, simply blocks the mechanism of spore germination. And, as we recall, they are the source of mycotoxins. But if now the spores do not grow — the disease fades away. And there stands in the field golden wheat, indifferent to weather anomalies.

How simple all this is! Approximately as simple as a routine vaccination against the terrible smallpox. The revolutionary nature of the step taken by DONOR can be easily assessed based on practical results. And they show: every 10% of winter wheat infection by black smut results in, on average, at least 4 centners per hectare of yield loss.

The black power of black smut is quite impressive: maximum damage can reach 40% of sown areas, and in this case, the disease practically undermines seed breeding, since instead of the normal 70% seed yield, it leaves only 30-40%, and even further undermines the owner, reducing the germination rate of these seeds by 20% compared to the condition. Only by taking this into account can one imagine the scale of "rescue operations" performed by DONOR and illustrated by previous diagrams of growing different wheat varieties in the same season with widespread mycosis diseases.

SOME THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE ACTION OF THE MINERAL FERTILIZER DONOR

The modern environmentally clean mineral fertilizer DONOR was created based on the combination of the latest data in the field of biochemistry with agrochemical practice.

To explain the theoretical foundations for the creation of the fertilizer DONOR, let us make a brief analysis of existing information on the influence of metal cations on physiological processes in plants.

Among metal ions (which generally play an extremely important role in the plant's real ability to resist various external disturbances) calcium ions occupy an important place.

There is no mystery or magic in this conclusion, as all living matter in nature is 100% dependent on the mysterious harmonious union of the simplest "building blocks" of existence. And anyone with even minimal technical capabilities and specialized knowledge can discover for themselves and others the obvious influence on the metabolism of the plant and selenium, magnesium, bromine, boron… But behind this important "discovery" there is always a heavy — to correctly explain and effectively use.

Indeed, it is absolutely obvious that a biological yield of 15 tons of dry biomass cannot be achieved without ensuring that the plants absorb at least 225 kg of nitrogen and 750 kg of the total ash elements (taking into account that nitrogen content in dry mass is 1.5%, while the content of other mineral nutrition elements is 5%). But one also needs to create conditions for high natural photosynthetic activity in plants, without which simple provision of these hundreds of kilograms of nitrogen and ash elements will not yield the expected result. Since the hope that knowledge and acceptance of the fundamental thesis — that the level of mineral elements in soil and application of mineral fertilizers influence the intensity of respiratory gas exchange — guarantees maximum results is an unjustified exaggeration. Because the simplest questions regarding the influence of specific ions on biochemical processes are extremely complex.

For example, plants grown on potassium-rich soils exhibit high activity of oxidative enzymes, enhanced overall respiratory gas exchange, and intensive synthetic processes. But paradoxically — significant activation of respiration is also characteristic of plants experiencing potassium deficiency. Such contradictions — the result of multifaceted action of mineral elements simultaneously on various directions of metabolism and including — on oxidative-reduction processes. In addition, the action of one element may be either enhanced or weakened by the simultaneous presence of other elements. And this is not surprising, since mineral elements can, first, influence the respiratory process through different pathways, and second, in the process, they can realize both activating and inhibiting action on various oxidative-reduction enzymes. Thus, Mg simultaneously acts as an activator of a series of enzymes — phosphatases, enolases, phosphoglucosidases, kinases catalyzing the transfer of phosphate from ATP to glucose, etc.; K activates the action of fructokinase, pyruvate kinase, acetyl-CoA synthase, etc… But if practically acting under the banner of "Let's give more microelements — and all is well!", one easily can end up on a minefield of troubles: molybdenum, for example, suppresses acid phosphatase, while enzymes activated by K are easily inhibited by Na and Li… Similarly, absolutely accepting the almost obvious thesis that deficiency of any cation, which is part of a specific enzyme, inevitably reduces the activity of these enzymes in the plant, one can completely lose scientific or agronomic authority under the pressure of insurmountable facts: on the one hand, deficiency of any element may affect the activity of an enzyme in which this element is not even present (for example, manganese deficiency reduces the activity of catalase and peroxidase), while on the other hand, deficiency of certain elements often serves as a cause of not suppression, but rather activation of a series of enzymes.

Indeed, the desire to authoritatively construct a regular chain of general dependence between the influence of microelements and various biochemical processes is, at the current stage of science, practically an adventurous undertaking. Since only those who conceived these processes understand their essence…

But agronomic practice, squeezed from all sides by economic constraints in recent years, requires logical unification of at least some links of this infinite chain. Since costs must always be returned by guaranteed yields. And since the mineral fertilizer DONOR has proven itself as a reliable means for growing agricultural crops under adverse weather conditions, the role of the main active element — calcium cation — requires explanation at least from the perspective of possible specific mechanisms of successful overcoming of negative external environmental influences on plants.

Indeed, calcium… In the early stages of scientific research in the mid-XX century, one of the most recognized explanations of its role was its influence

• on membrane state;

• on ion flows through membranes;

• on conformational flexibility of proteins.

Shortly afterwards, a complete theory (Rasmussen) was developed, according to which calcium was assigned the function of a secondary messenger in the process of signal transmission between the external and internal environment of the organism.

But the most accurate explanation of the protective properties of DONOR is the mechanism taking into account its active participation in the formation of the plant cell's signaling network. Indeed, it is now no longer questionable, experimentally proven thesis regarding the involvement of Ca in cellular reactions of plant and animal organisms on the key level of the universal trigger. Acting as a connecting (organizing, systematizing) link for an infinite number of signaling pathways, cytosolic calcium is the backbone of the formation of the cellular signaling network. The presence of intracellular calcium allows combining a complex web of disparate (different) signaling systems into a unified whole. And the presence of such a network allows the plant to respond most accurately to various external stresses: pathogen action, hyperthermia, osmotic stress.

Therefore, if we speak of DONOR as an adaptogen, we mean primarily its ability to help the plant form powerful biochemical processes that ensure optimal plant development under changing environmental conditions (drought, prolonged rains).

This is confirmed, in particular, by reliable data on the active involvement of Ca in regulating the pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance in cells under stress: it can stimulate the formation of active oxygen forms through activation of corresponding forms of peroxidase, lipoxygenase, and inhibition of superoxide dismutase

Practical application of DONOR: winter wheat, grape, rapeseed, cotton, rice, sugar beet, shrubs, fruit and berry crops.