Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis strain AM65-52

This active ingredient is a highly specific microbial insecticide classified as a larvicide. It consists of bacterial spores and crystalline pro-toxins produced by the AM65-52 strain of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis.

The insecticidal action begins when the larvae ingest the crystalline proteins from the water. Upon reaching the alkaline environment of the larval midgut, these pro-toxins are converted into their active form.

The activated toxins bind specifically to the receptors on the midgut epithelium, causing rapid damage to the intestinal wall. This leads to the cessation of feeding and subsequent death of the larvae within hours of ingestion.

The AM65-52 strain is renowned for its high selectivity, ensuring that it targets only the larval stages of specific dipteran species. It does not negatively impact beneficial aquatic organisms, such as predatory beetles, dragonflies, or fish.

Due to the complexity of the toxins produced, the development of resistance in target insect populations is extremely rare, making it a reliable component of professional integrated pest management programs.

The strain is primarily used for the control of larval stages of mosquitoes (Culicidae) and black flies (Simuliidae). These pests are significant vectors of various diseases and sources of annoyance to humans and livestock.

The application is suitable for a wide range of habitats, including stagnant ponds, flooded fields, artificial containers, and slow-moving water channels where these insects breed.

The application rate is typically based on the surface area of the water body and the level of larval infestation. It is generally applied through aerial or ground-based spray systems to ensure uniform coverage.

Timing of application is crucial; it is most effective when applied during the early larval instars (first or second stage). Monitoring the breeding sites helps in determining the precise application window to achieve maximum mortality.

Operators should wear appropriate protective equipment when handling and applying the concentrated product to prevent irritation. Avoid direct ingestion or inhalation of the product mist during application.

Factors like high water turbidity or heavy vegetation cover can influence the efficacy of the product. While highly stable, the biological activity may be reduced by prolonged exposure to intense sunlight and extremely high temperatures, requiring careful planning of application schedules.