Peanut

Peanut is a heat-loving leguminous crop that requires stable soil temperatures of at least 15–18°C for germination. Sowing usually occurs late in the spring once the risk of frost has completely passed to ensure seedling survival.

The standard spacing involves rows 60 to 70 cm apart, which allows sufficient space for the plant's development and essential mechanical operations. Seeds are planted at a depth of 5–8 cm in well-tilled soil to encourage vigorous early growth.

This crop thrives in warm climates with long growing seasons and requires full sun exposure for optimal productivity. Sandy or light loamy soils are ideal, as they provide the necessary drainage and aeration required for the pegging process.

Adequate moisture is crucial during the flowering and pod-filling stages to ensure high-quality yields. However, excessive water during the maturation phase must be avoided, as it can lead to pod rot and reduced market quality.

A key agronomic practice is hilling (earthing up) the plants shortly after flowering begins. This action covers the bases of the plants with loose soil, allowing the developing pegs to enter the ground more easily, which is vital for pod formation.

Crop yields typically range from 2,000 to 4,000 kg per hectare, depending on soil fertility, variety selection, and moisture management. Advanced agricultural techniques, including precise fertilization, significantly boost these figures.

The crop is susceptible to several fungal diseases, such as leaf spot (Cercospora) and various types of root rot. Implementing a robust crop rotation plan and using certified, disease-free seeds are the primary methods for successful prevention.

Common insect pests include aphids, spider mites, and cutworms, which can cause severe damage if left unmanaged. Regular field scouting and the timely application of integrated pest management strategies are essential for protecting the harvest.

Harvesting is initiated when the plants begin to yellow and the inner shells of the pods show visible darkening. The timing is critical; fields should be harvested before autumn rains arrive to ensure the pods remain dry and high-quality.

Post-harvest management involves immediate drying of the pods to a moisture content of roughly 8–10%. Proper curing in well-ventilated conditions prevents the growth of fungi and preserves the oil quality of the seeds for storage.